İspanyolca dil

İspanyolca Dili ve Tarihi

İspanyol dilinin tarihi ve İspanya’nın lehçelerinin kökeni Vulgar Latin’in dilsel evrimi ile başlar. Kastilya ve Endülüs diyalektleri orta çağlarda İber yarımadasında (Hispania) ortaya çıkmıştır. Modern İspanyolların ortaya çıkışı az ya da çok İspanya’nın Castile & Ferdinand of Aragón tarafından tamamlanmış olan Mağribi İspanya’nın yeniden keşfiyle çakışmıştır. Daha fazla bilgi edinmek için okumaya devam edin.

İspanyolca dil

İspanyolca dünyadaki 332 milyon kişinin anadilidir. İspanya’ya ek olarak, İspanyolca Arjantin, Bolivya, Şili, Kolombiya, Kosta Rika, Küba, Dominik Cumhuriyeti, Ekvador, El Salvador, Ekvator Ginesi, Guatemala, Honduras, Meksika, Nikaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru resmi dilidir. Uruguay ve Venezüella. Buna ek olarak, Kanada, Fas, Filipinler ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dahil olmak üzere birçok başka ülkede yaygın olarak konuşulmaktadır.

İspanyol, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin Italik alt familyasında ve İspanya içinde, Romalı dillerden biridir ve iki ana lehçeye sahiptir: Endülüs ve Kastilya. Diğer coğrafi bölgelerde, Kuzey ve Güney Amerika’da başka birçok lehçe vardır.

İspanyol Dili ve Vulgar Latin Tarihi

İspanyol dili, İber Yarımadası olarak bilinen Güneybatı Avrupa bölgesinden kaynaklanmıştır. MÖ 6. yy sonundan önce, bölgenin ilk sakinleri İberyalılar, Orta Avrupa’dan gelen göçebe bir halk olan Kelt’lerle karışmaya başladılar. İki grup Celtiberialılar denilen ve bir Kelt türünü konuşan bir halk kurdular.

Roma yönetimi altında, MÖ 19’da, bölge Hispania olarak bilinir ve sakinleri Latince’yi Romalı tüccarlardan, yerleşimcilerden, yöneticilerden ve askerlerden öğrenmişlerdir. Eğitimli Roma sınıflarının klasik Latin dili, İbraniler, Keltler ve Kartacalıların Roma öncesi dilleriyle karıştığı zaman, Vulgar Latin adlı bir dil ortaya çıktı. Latin’ün temel modellerini takip etti ancak ödünç alınan ve diğer dillerden kelimeler ekledi.

Even after the Visigoths, Germanic tribes of Eastern Europe, invaded Hispania in the AD 400s, Latin remained the official language of government and culture until about AD 719, when Arabic-speaking Islamic groups from Northern Africa called Moors completed their conquest of the region. Arabic and a related dialect called Mozarabic came to be widely spoken in Islamic Spain except in a few remote Christian kingdoms in the North such as Asturias, where Vulgar Latin survived.

During the succeeding centuries, the Christian kingdoms gradually reconquered Moorish Spain, retaking the country linguistically as well as politically, militarily, and culturally. As the Christians moved South, their Vulgar Latin dialects became dominant. In particular, Castilian, a dialect that originated on the Northern Central plains, was carried into Southern and Eastern regions.

Castilian & Andalusian

The resulting language was a hybrid because Castilian borrowed many words from Mozarabic, and modern Spanish has an estimated 4,000 words with Arabic roots.

The creation of a standardized Spanish language based on the Castilian dialect began in the 1200s with King Alfonso X, who was called the Learned�King of Castile and Leon. He and his court of scholars adopted the city of Toledo, a cultural center in the central highlands, as the base of their activities. There, scholars wrote original works in Castilian and translated histories, chronicles, and scientific, legal, and literary works from other languages (principally Latin, Greek, and Arabic). Indeed, this historic effort of translation was a major vehicle for the dissemination of knowledge throughout ancient Western Europe. Alfonso X also adopted Castilian for administrative work and all official documents and decrees.

The Castilian dialect of Spanish gained wider acceptance during the reign of the Catholic monarchs Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Arag�n, who completed the reconquest of Spain in 1492 by pushing the Moors from their last stronghold in the southern city of Granada. Isabella and Ferdinand made Castilian the official dialect in their kingdom. In the same year the Moors were defeated, an important book appeared: Antonio de Nebrija’s Arte de la lengua castellana (The Art of the Castilian Language). It was the first book to study and attempt to define the grammar of a European language.

The Castilian dialect of Toledo became the written and educational standard in Spain, even though several spoken dialects remained. The most noteworthy was Andalusian, a dialect spoken in the southern city of Seville in the Andaluc�a region.

Spanish Around the World

Spanish in the Americas

Beginning in the 1400s, Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and colonizers carried their language to Central America, South America, and parts of North America.

Both the Castilian and Andalusian dialects made the trip. Castilian was used in administrative and cultural centers such as Mexico City, Mexico; Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. These cities retained close links to the Spanish capital of Madrid, which was in the Castile region. But because many of the people involved in expeditions were from Andalucía, the Andalusian dialect also traveled to the Spanish colonies. It became dominant in Argentina and Central America, which were regions remote from the influence of the Spanish government’s administrative centers. Spain lost control of its American colonies in the 1800s, but the Spanish language remained and is now the official language of almost every Latin American nation.

The Spanish spoken in the Americas differs somewhat from European Spanish today because many words were borrowed from the languages of the indigenous peoples. Most of these words reflect features unique to the new territories, such as proper names, plants and animals, and geographic features.

Spanish Language in the United States

In 1565 Spanish conquerors and explorers established the settlement of Saint Augustine in what is now Florida. It was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States. In the 1600s and 1700s Spanish explorations and settlements extended the Spanish language North from Mexico into present-day Arizona, California, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. When the United States annexed these areas following the Mexican War (1846-1848), many of the region’s Spanish-speaking inhabitants remained, creating a distinct linguistic and cultural population in the Southwestern United States.

After the Spanish-American War (1898), the United States gained control over Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Over time, many Spanish speakers from these countries moved to the mainland of North America. The immigrants primarily settled in neighborhoods in California, Florida, New York, and New Jersey, where they continued to use Spanish.

Immigration by Spanish speakers further increased during the 20th century. Many legal and illegal immigrants crossed the border between Mexico and the United States to work in agriculture and industry, and other immigrants fled political instability in Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Also, many Latin American students came to North America to study at colleges and universities.

The presence of Spanish in American culture grew throughout the late 20th century. As more native Spanish speakers sent their children to school, elementary and high schools established bilingual classes. Television executives also recognized the Spanish-speaking market and created television networks and shows in Spanish. The government printed forms and tests in Spanish. By the 1990s more than 17 million people in the United States spoke Spanish as their primary language at home.

Spanish Language in the Philippines

In the Philippines, which were incorporated into the Spanish Empire in the mid-16th century, Spanish served as the language of the ruling class, of civil and judicial administration, and of culture. Because Mexico often mediated communication between the Philippines and Spain, Philippine Spanish in general is similar to the Castilian dialect used in Mexico. In 1898, at the conclusion of the Spanish-American war, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. For many years afterwards, Spanish was one of the official languages of the Philippines, along with English and Tagalog. Today, Spanish is no longer an official language, and its usage has gradually declined.